SPEECH
Introduction:
There are two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by to other person.
- Direct speech
- Indirect speech
Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your father what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him:
- Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.
- Indirect speech: John said that he would give me a pen.
In direct speech, the original words of a person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in a quotation mark. While in indirect speech, some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past, so the tense with will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech, the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
Reporting verb: the verb first part of a sentence (i.e. she says, he says, he said, she said etc.) before the statement of a person in sentence is called the reporting verb.
Ex: in all of the following examples, the reporting verb is ‘said’:
- He said,” I work in a factory” (direct speech)
- He said that he worked in a factory. (indirect speech)
- They said, “we are going to cinema” (direct speech)
- They said that they were going to cinema. (indirect speech)
Reported speech: the second part of the indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which in enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For example, a sentence of indirect speech, he said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence, the second part “he works in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.
Fundamental rules for indirect speech:
- Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
- Use of word ‘that’: The word ‘that’ is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech.
- change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.
In following example, the pronoun of the reported speech is ‘I’ which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (subject) of reporting verb that is ‘he’.
Ex:
- Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”.
- Indirect speech: He said that he was happy.
- Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”.
- Indirect speech: I said to him that he was intelligent. (‘you’ changed into ‘he’ the person of object of reporting verb)
Change in time: time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.
Ex:
- Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”.
- Indirect speech: He said that he was happy that day.
Change in the tense of reported speech: if the first part of sentence (reported verb part) belongs to past tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.
Examples:
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”.
Indirect speech: He said that he was happy. (tense of reported speech changed)
Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”.
Indirect speech: He said that he is happy. (tense of reported speech didn’t change)
Table for change in tense of reported speech of all TENSES:
TENSE CHANGE – IN – INDIRECT SPEECH
- Simple present tense into simple past.
- Present continuous tense into past continuous.
- Present perfect tense into past perfect.
- Present perfect continuous into past perfect continuous.
- Simple past into past perfect.
- Past continuous into past perfect continuous.
- Past perfect into past perfect.
- Simple future, will into would.
- Future continuous, will be into would be.
- Future perfect, will have into would have.
Examples:
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| Present tense | |
| SIMPLE PRESENT CHANGES INTO PAST SIMPLE | |
| He said, “I write a letter” She said, “he goes to school daily” They said, “we love our country” He said, “he does not like computer” | He said that he wrote a letter. He said that she went to school daily. They said that they loved their country. He said that he did not like computer. |
| PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS | |
| He said, “he is listening to the music” She said, “I was washing my clothes” They said, “we are enjoying the weather” She said, “I am not laughing” | He said that he was listening to the music. She said that she was washing her clothes. They said that they were not enjoying the weather. She said that was not laughing. |
| PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT | |
| She said, “he has finished his work” He said, “I have started a job” I said, “she has eaten the meal” They said, “we have not gone to New York” | She said that he had finished his work. He said that he had started a job. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said that they had not gone to New York. |
| PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | |
| He said, “I have been studying since 3 o’ clock” She said, “it has been raining for three days” I said, “she has been working in this office since 2007” | He said that he had been studying since 3 o’clock. She said that it had been raining for three days. I said that she had been working in this office since 2007. |
| PAST TENSE | |
| SIMLE PAST changes into PAST PERFECT | |
| He said to me, “you answered correctly” John said, “they went to cinema” He said, “I made a table” She said, “I didn’t buy a car” | He said to me that I had answered correctly. John said that they had gone to cinema. He said that he had made a table. She said that she hadn’t bought a car. |
| PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | |
| They said, “we were enjoying the weather” He said to me, “I was waiting for you” I said, “it was raining” She said, “I was not laughing” | They said that they had been enjoying the weather. He said to me that he had been waiting for me. I said that it had been raining. She said that she had not been laughing. |
| PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change) | |
| She said, “she had a visited a doctor” He said, “I had started a business” I said, “she had eaten the meal” They said, “we had not gone to New York” | She said that she had visited a doctor. He said that he had started a business. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said that they had not gone to New York. |
| FUTURE TENSE | |
| SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE WILL changes into WOULD | |
| He said, “I will study the book” She said, “I will buy a computer” They said to me, “we will send you gifts” I said, “I will not take the exam” | He said that he would study the book. She said that she would buy a computer. They said to me that they would send you gifts. I said that I would not take the exam. |
| FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE WILL BE changes into WOULD BE | |
| I said to him, “I will be waiting for him” She said, “I will be shifting to new home” He said, “I will be working hard” He said, “he will not be flying kite” | I said to him that I would be waiting for him. She said that she would be shifting to a new home. He said that he would be working hard. She said that he would not be flying kites. |
| FUTURE PERFECT TENSE WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE | |
| He said, “I will have finished the work” She said, “they will have passed the examination” He said, “I will have gone” | He said that he would have finished the work. She said that they would have passed examination. He said that he would have gone. |
Note: the tense of reported speech may not change if reported speech is a universal truth through its reporting verb belongs to past tense.
Examples:
- Direct speech: He said, “physics is a science”
- Indirect speech: He said that physics is a science.
- Direct speech: He said, “sun rises in east”
- Indirect speech: He said that sun rises in east. (tense didn’t change because reported speech is a universal truth though its reporting verb belongs to past tense)
Changes in pronoun in indirect speech:
The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.
- First person pronoun in reported speech i.e. I, we, me, us, mine, or our, is changes according to the pronoun of reporting verb if pronoun in reporting verb is third person pronoun i.e., he, she, it, they, him, his, her, them or their.
Examples:
- Direct speech: He said, “I live New York”
- Indirect speech: He said that he lived in New York.
- Direct speech: They said, “we love our country”
- Indirect speech: They said that they loved their country.
- First person pronoun in reported speech i.e. I, we, me, us, mine, or our, is it changed if the pronoun (subject) of reporting is also first-person pronoun i.e. I or we.
Examples:
- Direct speech: I said, “I write a letter”
- Indirect speech: I said that I wrote a letter.
- Direct speech: We said, “we completed our work”
- Indirect speech: We said that we completed our work.
- Second person pronoun in reported speech i.e. you, yours is changed according to the person of object of reporting verb.
Examples:
- Direct speech: She said to him, “you are intelligent”
- Indirect speech: She said to him that he was intelligent.
- Direct speech: He said to me, “you are late for the party”
- Indirect speech: He said to me that I was late for the party.
- Third person pronoun in reported speech i.e. he, she, it, they, him, her, his, them or their, is not changed in indirect speech.
Examples:
- Direct speech: They said, “he will come”
- Indirect speech: They said that he would come.
- Direct speech: You said, “they are waiting for the bus”
- Indirect speech: You said that they were waiting for the bus.
Examples:
- Direct speech: He said, “I will buy a book tomorrow”
- Indirect speech: He said that he would buy a book the next day.
- Direct speech: She said, “I am happy now”
- Indirect speech: She said that she was happy then.
Common rules:
Today changes to that day / the same day.
Tomorrow changes to the next day/ the following day.
Yesterday changes to the day before / the previous day.
Next week / month / year changes to the following week / month / year.
Last week / month / year changes to the previous week / month / year.
Now / just changes to then.
Ago changes to before.
Here changes to there.
This changes to that.
Indirect speech for exclamatory and imperative sentences.
Indirect speech of imperative sentences:
A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion is called imperative sentence.
For example,
- Open the door.
- Please help me.
- Learn your lesson.
To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word ‘ordered’ or ‘requested’ or ‘advised’ or ‘suggested’ or ‘forbade’ or ‘not to do’ is added to reporting verb depending upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech.
Examples:
- Direct speech: He said to me, “please help me”
- Indirect speech: He requested me to help him.
- Direct speech: She said to him, “you should work hard for exam”
- Indirect speech: She suggested him to work hard for exam.
- Direct speech: They said to him, “do not tell a lie”
- Indirect speech: They said to him not to tell a lie.
- Direct speech: He said, “open the door”
- Indirect speech: He ordered to open the door.
- Direct speech: The teacher said to student, “do not waste time”
- Indirect speech: The teacher advised the students not to waste time.
- Direct speech: He said, “please give me a glass of water”
- Indirect speech: He requested to give him a glass of water.
- Direct speech: Doctor said to me, “do not smoke”
- Indirect speech: Doctor advised me not to smoke.
- Direct speech: The teacher said to him, “get out”
- Indirect speech: The teacher ordered him to get out.
Indirect speech of exclamatory sentences:
Sentences which expresses state of joy or sorrow or wonder is called exclamatory sentence.
For example:
- Hurrah! We won the match.
- Alas! I failed the test.
- Wow! What a nice shirt it is.
To change such sentences, the words “exclaimed with joy” or “exclaimed with sorrow” or “exclaimed with wonder” is added the reporting verb depending upon the nature of exclamatory sentence in indirect speech.
Examples:
Direct speech: He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize”
Indirect speech: He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize.
Direct speech: She said, “Alas! I failed in the exam”
Indirect speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the exam.
Direct speech: John said, “what a nice shirt it is”
Indirect speech: John exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice shirt.
Direct speech: She said, “Hurrah! I am selected for the job”
Indirect speech: She exclaimed with joy that she was selected for the job.
Direct speech: He said, “Oh no! I missed the train”
Indirect speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had missed the train.
Direct speech: They said, “Wow! What a pleasant weather it is”
Indirect speech: They exclaimed with wonder that it was a pleasant weather.
Indirect speech for interrogative (question) sentence:
For changing interrogative (question) sentence into direct speech we have to observe the nature of question and then change it into indirect speech according to it rules for indirect speech. A question can be of two types. One type which can be answered in only YES or NO and other type which needs a little bit explanation for its answer and cannot be answered in only YES or NO.
Examples:
- Do you like music? (it can be answered in YES or NO)
- How are you? (it cannot be answered in YES or NO but it needs a little bit explanation i.e. I am fine)
Questions which can be answered in YES or NO:
To change questions (which can be answered in YES or NO) into indirect speech, word “if” or “whether” is used before the question in indirect speech. Rules for change in tense of question sentences are same as for change in normal tenses in indirect speech but sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the tense. The word “that” is not used between reporting verb and reported speech as conjunction in indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not used in indirect speech.
Examples:
Direct speech: He said to me, “do you like music?”
Indirect speech: He asked me if I like music. (NOT: did I like music)
Or indirect speech: He asked whether I liked music.
Direct speech: She said, “will he participate in the quiz competition?”
Indirect speech: She asked me if he would participate in quiz competition.
Direct speech: I said to him, “are you feeling well?”
Indirect speech: I asked him if he was feeling well.
Direct speech: They said to me, “did you go to school?”
Indirect speech: They asked me if I had gone to school.
Direct speech: He said to me, “Have you taken the breakfast?”
Indirect speech: He asked me if I had taken the breakfast.
Question which cannot be answered in YES or NO:
To change such question into indirect speech, the words “if” or “whether” is not used. The tense of the question is changed according to the rules for change in normal tenses in indirect speech but sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the tense. The word “that” is not used between reporting verb and reported speech as conjunction, in indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not used in indirect speech.
Examples:
Direct speech: He said to me, “How are you?”
Indirect speech: He asked me how I was. (NOT: how was I)
Direct speech: Teacher said to him, “what is your name?”
Indirect speech: Teacher asked him what his name was.
Direct speech: She said to him, “why did you come late?”
Indirect speech: She asked him why he had come late.
Direct speech: He said, “When will they come?”
Indirect speech: He asked when they would come.
Direct speech: She asked his son, “Why are you crying?”
Indirect speech: She asked her son why he was crying.
Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS, “can, may, must”
Present modals are changed to past modals
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| indirect speech for sentence having MODALS, “can, may, must, should, ought to” | |
| CAN changes into COULD | |
| He said, “I can drive a car” She said, “she can play a violin” They said, “we can climb on a hill” | He said that he could drive a car. She said that he could play a violin. The said that they can climb on a hill. |
| MAY changes into MIGHT | |
| He said, “I may buy a computer” She said, “he may visit a doctor” They said, “they may go to zoo” | He said that he might buy a computer. She said that he might visit a doctor. They said that they might go to zoo. |
| MUST changes into HAD TO | |
| He said, “I must work hard” She said, “they must carry on their work” I said to him, “you must learn test-taking strategies” | He said that he had to work hard. She said that they had to carry on their work. I said to him that he had to learn test-taking strategies. |
Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS, “should, ought to, might, would, and could”.
- The modal will not change in indirect speech.
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| THESE MODALS DO NOT CHANGE Would, could, might, should, ought to |
| WOULD | |
| They said, “we would apply for a visa” He said, “I would start a business” She said, “I would appear in exam” | They said that they would apply for visa. He said that he would start a business. She said that she would appear in the exam. |
| COULD | |
| She said, “she could play piano” They said, “we couldn’t learn the lesson” He said, “I could run faster” | She said that she could play a violin. They said that they couldn’t learn the lesson. He said that he could run faster. |
| MIGHT | |
| He said, “guests might come” She said, “it might rain” John said, “I might meet him” | He said that guests might come. She said that it might rain. John said that he might meet him. |
| SHOULD | |
| He said, “I should avail the opportunity” She said, “I should help him” They said, “we should take the exam” | He said that he should avail the opportunity. She said that she should help him. They said that they should take the exam. |
| OUGHT TO | |
| He said to me, “you ought to wait for him” She said, “I ought to learn method of study” They said, “we ought to attend our classes” | He said to me that I ought to wait for him. She said that she ought to learn method of study. They said that they ought to attend their classes. |
Reported Speech is also known as Direct and Indirect Speech or Narration. In Indirect Speech, we convey the speaker’s message in our own words. Thus, the message can be conveyed in 2 ways.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Direct speech is known as repeating the exact words spoken and Indirect speech is known as reporting the words.
But the question occurs how to report or how to use Indirect speech? There are certain rules to make changes in a sentence from Direct to Indirect speech. Read the complete blog to know more.
Direct and Indirect Speech Rules
Below, we are sharing the rules to make changes from Direct to Indirect speech. The changes of Direct and Indirect speech depend on some factors like modals, reporting verb, place, time, tense, pronoun etc. You can check the complete information of changes in Direct and Indirect speech.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Had to/ Would have to
Should
Should
Might
Might
Could
Could
Would
Would
Ought to
Ought to
Direct and Indirect Speech Exercises for Modals:
Look to the Direct and Indirect Speech examples with answers using modals.
He said, “I can cook food.”
He said that he could cook food.
They said, “We may go to Canada.”
They said that they might go to Canada.
She said, “I must finish the work on time.”
She said that she had to finish the work on time.
Modals that remain unchanged are: Should, might, could, would, ought to.
Kanika said, “I ought to avoid junk food.”
Kanika said that she ought to avoid junk food.
Changes as per Reporting Verb
According to the reporting verb, changes are made in the direct sentence or the sentence in inverted commas.
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then the direct sentence is changed in its past tense.
The tense of direct speech remains unchanged when the reporting verb is in the present or future tense.
If the direct sentence contains the universal truth, then it remains unchanged in the Indirect Speech.
Direct and Indirect Speech Exercises for Reporting Verb
Below, we are providing Direct and Indirect Speech examples using reporting verb changes.
Navin said, “He is young.”
Navin said that he was young.
Isha says, “I am pretty.”
Isha says that she is pretty.
Rohan will say, “I am tall.”
Rohan will say that he is tall.
They said, “The sun rises in the east.”
They said that the sun rises in the east.
Changes as per Tense
In the below table, we are sharing how tense changes into Indirect speech.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Present simple
(Subject +V1st + Object)
Past simple
(Subject +V2 + Object)
Present continuous
(Subject +is/am/are+V1 +ing+ Object)
Past Continuous
(Subject +was/were+V1 +ing+ Object)
Present perfect
(Subject + has/have+V3+Object)
Past perfect
(Subject+had+V3+Object)
Past simple
(Subject+V2+Object)
Past perfect
(Subject+had+V3+Object)
Past Continuous
(Subject +was/were+V1 +ing+ Object)
Past perfect continuous
(Subject +had been+V1 +ing+ Object)
Future simple
(Subject+ will/shall+V1+object)
Present Conditional
(Subject+ would+V1+object)
Future Continuous
(Subject +will/shall+be+V1 +ing+ Object)
Conditional Continuous
(Subject +would+be+V1 +ing+ Object)
Direct and Indirect speech exercises for Tense
Check the Direct and Indirect speech examples for tense using the above table. Changes will always be made according to the given table only.
Heena said, “I walk.”
Heena said that she walked.
Deepak said, “I am having tea.”
Deepak said that he was having tea.
Ayesha said, “Honey has left for school.”
Ayesha said that Honey had left for school.
Vidisha said, “Ananya took pasta.”
Vidisha said that Ananya had taken pasta.
They told, “We were living in Paris.”
They told that they had been living in Paris.
Ramesh said, “I will go to Sri Lanka.”
Ramesh said that he would go to Sri Lanka.
Aishwarya Said, “They will be watering plants.”
Aishwarya said that they would be watering plants.
Changes in Place and Time
Words are changed in an Indirect Speech to replace nearness from distance. In the table, we are sharing some words which are changed in Indirect speech.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Now
Then
Here
There
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The next day
Last week
The previous week
This
That
Tonight
That night
Ago
Before
Thus
So
Hither
Thither
Come
Go
Hence
Thence
Next
Following
Changes of Interrogative Sentences
Here, we are sharing certain rules of Direct and Indirect speech for interrogative sentences conversions.
The reporting verb said/said to is changed in asked, demanded, ordered, enquired as per the nature of the sentence.
While a sentence starts with reporting verb then at the conversion time if /whether is used as the joining clause.
In case the sentence starts from “Wh” question word, then no extra conjunction is used.
Direct and Indirect Speech Exercises for Interrogative Sentences
We are applying the above rules in the given exercise below to make changes in Direct and Indirect speech.
Ravi said, “What is Heena doing?”
Ravi asked me what Heena was doing.
Esha said, “Will she come for lunch?”
Esha asked if she would come for lunch.
The boy asked, “Where do you stay?”
The boy inquired where I stayed
Changes of Pronouns
While making the changes from Direct and Indirect speech, one should be having knowledge of rules of changes in pronouns.
The first person in reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.
In Reported Speech change of the second person depends on the object of reporting speech.
The third person remains unchanged.
You can check the table for the changes in pronoun.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
I
He/she
You
He/she/they
We
They
They
They
He
He
She
She
It
It
Us
Them
Our
Their
His
His
Her
Her
Its
Its
Direct and Indirect Speech Exercises for Changes in Pronoun
Vidya said, “I am a good girl.”
Vidya said that she was a good girl.
I told them, “You have finished your work.”
I told them that they had finished their work.
He said, “She is in Delhi.”
He said that she was in Delhi.
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